Article Details

Title · Authors · Abstract · Keywords · DOI · References

WTR-AODV: Lightweight Trustworthy Self-healing Routing Protocol for UAV Ad Hoc Networks

ZHENG Kouquan1, XIN Dan1, YANG Yi2, LI Xiaolong2, SI Zhipeng2, LIU Yujia3, WANG Yao2

(1.Trial and Training Base, National University of Defense Technology, Xi'an 710061, China; 2.Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China; 3.Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China)

Section：Network and Information Security · Vol. 2026, Issue 1 · Pages：184-192,198 · 2096-4706（2026）01-0184-10 · CLC number：TP393 · Document code：A · DOI：10.19850/j.cnki.2096-4706.2026.01.034

Abstract

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are vulnerable to routing attacks such as black holes and collaborative slander due to their open topology. To address the problems of existing solutions which permanently isolate suspected nodes, which tend to misjudge legitimate nodes and ignore reliability differences, this study investigates a lightweight trustworthy self-healing routing mechanism and proposes a Multi-Dimensional Weight-Trust Routing Protocol (WTR-AODV). The protocol designs a differentiated neighbor weight model, obtains comprehensive trust values through weighted recommendation fusion, and introduces a four-state machine of “violation-probation-neighbor arbitration-recovery/isolation” to achieve self-healing from misjudgments. Experimental results show that under the scenario with 150 nodes, 30% malicious nodes and high mobility of 45 m/s, WTR-AODV increases the packet delivery ratio by 36%, 17% and 11% compared with the native AODV, ESCT and TCOR respectively, reduces the control frame overhead by up to 38% relative to TCOR, and achieves a misjudgment recovery rate of 80%.

Keywords

MANET; trust management; multi-dimensional weight; probationary arbitration; secure routing

References

  1. [1] Lu Mengnan Research and Implementation of Lightweight Mobile self-organizing Network Blockchain System [D]. Beijing: Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 2024
  2. [2] Li Haibin, Tang Xiaogang, Chang Jihong, etc Improvement Method of AODV Stable Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Based on Fuzzy Logic [J]. Electronic Design Engineering, 2024, 32 (13): 12-17
  3. [3] Yang Siyu Research and Analysis of Service QoS in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks [D]. Beijing: Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 2023
  4. [4] MAHAMUNE A A，CHANDANE M M. TCP/IP Layerwise Taxonomy of Attacks and Defence Mechanisms in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks [J].Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B，2022，103（1）：273-291.
  5. [5] SHARMA A，PILLI E S，MAZUMDAR A P，et al. Towards Trustworthy Internet of Things: A Survey on Trust Management Applications and Schemes [J].Computer Communications，2020，160：475-493.
  6. [6] CHAHAL R K，KUMAR N，BATRA S. Trust Management in Social Internet of Things: A Taxonomy, Open Issues, and Challenges [J].Computer Communications，2020，150：13-46.
  7. [7] MAHAMUNE A A，CHANDANE M M. An Efficient Trust-Based Routing Scheme Against Malicious Communication in MANET [J].International Journal of Wireless Information Networks，2021，28（3）：344-361.
  8. [8] WEI Z，TANG H，YU F R，et al. Security Enhancements for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks With Trust Management Using Uncertain Reasoning [J].IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology，2014，63（9）：4647-4658.
  9. [9] XU H，SI H，ZHANG H，et al. Trust-Based Probabilistic Broadcast Scheme for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks [J].IEEE Access，2020，8：21380-21392.
  10. [10] THEERTHAGIRI P. FUCEM：Futuristic Cooperation Evaluation Model Using Markov Process for Evaluating Node Reliability and Link Stability in Mobile Ad Hoc Network [J].Wireless Networks，2020，26（6）：4173-4188.
  11. [11] RIASUDHEEN H，SELVAMANI K，MUKHERJEE S，et al. An Efficient Energy-Aware Routing Scheme for Cloud-Assisted MANETs in 5G [J/OL].Ad Hoc Networks，2020，97：102021（2019-10-14）.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2019.102021.
  12. [12] GHASEMNEZHAD S，GHAFFARI A. Fuzzy Logic Based Reliable and Real-Time Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks [J].Wireless Personal Communications，2018，98：593-611.
  13. [13] KUMAR A，VARADARAJAN V，KUMAR A，et al. Black Hole Attack Detection in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network Using Secure AODV Routing Algorithm [J/OL].Microprocessors and Microsystems，2021，80：103352（2021-01-15）.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103352.
  14. [14] AL QURASHI M，ANGELOPOULOS C M，KATOS V. An Architecture for Resilient Intrusion Detection in Ad-Hoc Networks [J/OL].Journal of Information Security and Applications，2020，53：102530（2020-05-15）.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2020.102530.
  15. [15] CAI R J，LI X J，CHONG P H J. An Evolutionary Self-Cooperative Trust Scheme Against Routing Disruptions in MANETs [J].IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing，2018，18（1）：42-55.
  16. [16] VAMSI P R，KANT K. Generalized Trust Model for Cooperative Routing in MANETs [J].Wireless Personal Communications，2017，97（3）：4385-4412.
  17. [17] MAHAMUNE A A，CHANDANE M M. Trust-Based Co-Operative Routing for Secure Communication in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks [J].Digital Communications and Networks，2024，10（4）：1079-1087.
  18. [18] NCS. Exata Network Emulator Software [EB/OL].（2022-11-12）.https://www.ncs-in.com/product/exata-network-emulator/.
  19. [19] TAVIZI A，GHAFFARI A. Tree-Based Reliable and Energy-Aware Multicast Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks [J].The Journal of Supercomputing，2018，74（11）：6310-6332.
  20. [20] HEINZELMAN W R，CHANDRAKASAN A，BALAKRISHNAN H. Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks [C]//Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.Maui：IEEE，2000：3005-3014.

About the authors

Zheng Kouquan (1983-), male, Han ethnicity, from Tongchuan, Shaanxi, associate professor, doctoral degree, research interests include information security.