Article Details

Abstract

To address the technical bottlenecks in remote driving training equipment for vocational education, such as high cost and the difficulty of deploying complete sets of equipment worth tens of thousands of yuan in batches, as well as communication latency jitter, multi-machine interference, low control accuracy, and the lack of intuitive feedback during operation in existing small-scale systems, this paper designs a small-scale remote driving system based on the ESP32 and the ESP-NOW protocol. The system adopts a three-layer architecture consisting of a sender, a wireless communication layer, and a receiver. It achieves steering data collection, low-latency communication, angle visualization, and one-button switching between forward and backward motion through angle sensors, BTS7960 driver boards, and WS2812B LED strips. Compared with Wi-Fi TCP and Bluetooth 4.0, the system exhibits no packet loss within 50 m, with a response delay of less than 100 ms. The overall cost is kept below 1 000 yuan, and the system performs steering, acceleration, deceleration, and braking stably, while providing multi-level safety protection. The system offers the advantages of low cost, low latency, ease of teaching, and high reliability, providing a lightweight remote driving training solution for vocational education that can be deployed in batches.

Keywords

ESP32; ESP-NOW protocol; remote driving system; intelligent transportation

References

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Funding

2025 Guangzhou Education Science Planning Project (2024110429); 2025 Provincial Teaching Achievement Cultivation Project (2024111331)

About the authors

Luo Jinghao (1998-), male, Han ethnicity, from Guangzhou, Guangdong, intelligent transportation instructor, master's student, research interests include MCU-based intelligent control, artificial intelligence and intelligent transportation.